Working Saturday, August 29, 2009
Thursday, August 13, 2009
Battle Of The Alamo Projects
Roman rule and the tax
made to the course of church and culture at the Baptist Theological Seminary Trujillo.
Roman rule and the publicans
To understand and appreciate the environment in which Jesus acted, it is important to know the political situation, the reaction from Judaism to Roman rule and Roman administrative policy against that reaction.
° Background of Roman
There were disputes over the succession of government in Judea and both sides, seeing the imminent invasion near Rome, were quick to gain favor with the conquerors. In this regard, one side took advantage and encouraged the Roman invasion to be as future leaders and the other side put up a weak resistance, however the invasion was imminent and irresistible.
· THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT
Rome emerged as a republic governed by the oligarch class and was gradually incorporating the people in the exercise of government. It was militarily conquered the Italian peninsula and then defeating the Carthaginian Empire managed to dominate the entire Mediterranean world giving peace and order and facilitating the interactions between the conquered provinces, and was providing the stage for the subsequent spread of the gospel.
Rome was a republic in name, but it was an absolute monarchy. Governmental powers were the senate and the emperor. The emperor's powers were absolute, was within its powers to direct the Roman army which gave him the power to use public force both in Rome and the provinces, could promote someone to a public office and used them as prizes for their favorites, also could veto the Senate in its decisions or remove from office. The Senate was consisting of several hundred men who had entered a part of it because of their wealth or influence or for having been elected to public office by a popular assembly, the senate or the emperor. Its functions were extremely limited to the will of the emperor and served a purely decorative.
The provinces could be conquered by force, mostly, but also was annexed voluntarily. Were of two types, senatorial or imperial. The first were those whose governors were appointed by the Senate and were called proconsuls. The latter were under the direct leadership of the Emperor's rulers were called solicitors. Rarely provinces were ruled by vassal kings. Roman colonies there were also scattered throughout the provinces to which they were called small blunt. There were also free cities, or local self-administered.
The revenues were of two types: taxes and duties. Taxes were rights in goods and services and were collected by local agents and referred to representative government of the empire. The taxes were on property rights and individuals and were collected by management representative of the empire and could be paid in kind or money. The contributions are spent in local government, utilities, construction improvements, repairs and reconstruction and a considerable balance was sent to Rome. Taxes senatorial provinces were sent to the Senate and the Senate spent on pay and administration of the province of Italy. The tribute of the imperial provinces were sent to the emperor and spent on improving food and the city of Rome, the maintenance of the army and the emperor's personal expenses.
The Roman army was an essential part of the empire, is comprised of legions and auxiliaries. The former were recruited from Roman citizens and the provinces were Romanized and auxiliaries recruited from other provinces. Active duty lasted from 20 to 25 years. Received harsh treatment but economically desirable when compared to the quality of life of the time. Were taken into account by the people.
· Policy ROMAN JUDEA
While the conquered provinces to be submissive and obedient to Rome, it treated them with consideration, left with a fairly autonomous government, especially for the administration of domestic affairs, had religious toleration and legal protection and taxes were not too burdensome, it is considered that Judea were relatively better off than under other foreign or domestic governments. It was the famous Roman peace, ie the state of order, organization and peaceful life that provided Rome with his army and its political administration that allowed daily activities such as travel, trade, etc. be made with relative ease. However, some fanatics and extremists groups were askance at a government taxed gentle and waved to the people, the more open the rebellion became more violent was the Roman response to trigger the destruction of the Jewish nation.
On the religious policy of Rome had two kinds of religions, religious cults lawful or permitted, and in many cases protected by the Emperor and the religious cults illicita no legal or not part of the affairs of the empire and were only hampered and persecuted when they were seen as threats to the cohesion of the empire. Christianity was initially considered a lawful religious as a branch of Judaism but later became illicita and was persecuted religious when it is considered detrimental to the rule. The persecution of Christianity began as pure personal whims of emperors and only later became a systematic persecution when their numbers grew considerably and it was feared that compromise the integrity and perpetuity of the empire.
With regard to the worship of the emperor, this was seen as an activity of political and denied it was seen as disloyalty and even treason. In Rome the worship was seen as a way of perpetuating the power and authority of the Roman emperor no matter who is in office, was the idea of \u200b\u200bgenius, hardly be considered truly divine to the emperors in the West, but East was different Asian minds have no difficulty to deify their emperors and took advantage of the situation. Eastern Christians had more difficulties in this regard.
In the first instance the Jewish people was under arrangements made by Rome Edomites rulers, but to the Jewish protest, Rome began to Judea under the Syrian government and received a solicitor. The prerogatives of prosecutors were collecting taxes, command the military forces of the province and act as judges in important cases.
vassal kings Edomites broke many Jewish laws. Herod games and skills introduced in the Greek style and ordered the construction of many large buildings.
· THE PUBLICAN
publicani In official language. Were Jews who were employed in the collection of taxes. Were organized by districts, and each collector acquired the right of collection of his district. That right must pay a fixed fee each year to the Roman government and any surplus was his own gain. The laws were so irregular that left about great opportunity for extortion. Were hated by Jews loyal to their extortion and serve as instruments of a foreign power. 
made to the course of church and culture at the Baptist Theological Seminary Trujillo.
Roman rule and the publicans
To understand and appreciate the environment in which Jesus acted, it is important to know the political situation, the reaction from Judaism to Roman rule and Roman administrative policy against that reaction.
° Background of Roman
There were disputes over the succession of government in Judea and both sides, seeing the imminent invasion near Rome, were quick to gain favor with the conquerors. In this regard, one side took advantage and encouraged the Roman invasion to be as future leaders and the other side put up a weak resistance, however the invasion was imminent and irresistible.
· THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT
Rome emerged as a republic governed by the oligarch class and was gradually incorporating the people in the exercise of government. It was militarily conquered the Italian peninsula and then defeating the Carthaginian Empire managed to dominate the entire Mediterranean world giving peace and order and facilitating the interactions between the conquered provinces, and was providing the stage for the subsequent spread of the gospel.
Rome was a republic in name, but it was an absolute monarchy. Governmental powers were the senate and the emperor. The emperor's powers were absolute, was within its powers to direct the Roman army which gave him the power to use public force both in Rome and the provinces, could promote someone to a public office and used them as prizes for their favorites, also could veto the Senate in its decisions or remove from office. The Senate was consisting of several hundred men who had entered a part of it because of their wealth or influence or for having been elected to public office by a popular assembly, the senate or the emperor. Its functions were extremely limited to the will of the emperor and served a purely decorative.
The provinces could be conquered by force, mostly, but also was annexed voluntarily. Were of two types, senatorial or imperial. The first were those whose governors were appointed by the Senate and were called proconsuls. The latter were under the direct leadership of the Emperor's rulers were called solicitors. Rarely provinces were ruled by vassal kings. Roman colonies there were also scattered throughout the provinces to which they were called small blunt. There were also free cities, or local self-administered.
The revenues were of two types: taxes and duties. Taxes were rights in goods and services and were collected by local agents and referred to representative government of the empire. The taxes were on property rights and individuals and were collected by management representative of the empire and could be paid in kind or money. The contributions are spent in local government, utilities, construction improvements, repairs and reconstruction and a considerable balance was sent to Rome. Taxes senatorial provinces were sent to the Senate and the Senate spent on pay and administration of the province of Italy. The tribute of the imperial provinces were sent to the emperor and spent on improving food and the city of Rome, the maintenance of the army and the emperor's personal expenses.
The Roman army was an essential part of the empire, is comprised of legions and auxiliaries. The former were recruited from Roman citizens and the provinces were Romanized and auxiliaries recruited from other provinces. Active duty lasted from 20 to 25 years. Received harsh treatment but economically desirable when compared to the quality of life of the time. Were taken into account by the people.
· Policy ROMAN JUDEA
While the conquered provinces to be submissive and obedient to Rome, it treated them with consideration, left with a fairly autonomous government, especially for the administration of domestic affairs, had religious toleration and legal protection and taxes were not too burdensome, it is considered that Judea were relatively better off than under other foreign or domestic governments. It was the famous Roman peace, ie the state of order, organization and peaceful life that provided Rome with his army and its political administration that allowed daily activities such as travel, trade, etc. be made with relative ease. However, some fanatics and extremists groups were askance at a government taxed gentle and waved to the people, the more open the rebellion became more violent was the Roman response to trigger the destruction of the Jewish nation.
On the religious policy of Rome had two kinds of religions, religious cults lawful or permitted, and in many cases protected by the Emperor and the religious cults illicita no legal or not part of the affairs of the empire and were only hampered and persecuted when they were seen as threats to the cohesion of the empire. Christianity was initially considered a lawful religious as a branch of Judaism but later became illicita and was persecuted religious when it is considered detrimental to the rule. The persecution of Christianity began as pure personal whims of emperors and only later became a systematic persecution when their numbers grew considerably and it was feared that compromise the integrity and perpetuity of the empire.
With regard to the worship of the emperor, this was seen as an activity of political and denied it was seen as disloyalty and even treason. In Rome the worship was seen as a way of perpetuating the power and authority of the Roman emperor no matter who is in office, was the idea of \u200b\u200bgenius, hardly be considered truly divine to the emperors in the West, but East was different Asian minds have no difficulty to deify their emperors and took advantage of the situation. Eastern Christians had more difficulties in this regard.
In the first instance the Jewish people was under arrangements made by Rome Edomites rulers, but to the Jewish protest, Rome began to Judea under the Syrian government and received a solicitor. The prerogatives of prosecutors were collecting taxes, command the military forces of the province and act as judges in important cases.
vassal kings Edomites broke many Jewish laws. Herod games and skills introduced in the Greek style and ordered the construction of many large buildings.
· THE PUBLICAN
publicani In official language. Were Jews who were employed in the collection of taxes. Were organized by districts, and each collector acquired the right of collection of his district. That right must pay a fixed fee each year to the Roman government and any surplus was his own gain. The laws were so irregular that left about great opportunity for extortion. Were hated by Jews loyal to their extortion and serve as instruments of a foreign power.
Osterizer Imperial Viii Blender
BOOK SUMMARY "CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, A Christian Perspective"
This is a task I did for the church and culture course at the Baptist Theological Seminary Trujillo.
This is a task I did for the church and culture course at the Baptist Theological Seminary Trujillo.
BOOK SUMMARY:
"CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, A Christian Perspective"
OF GRUNLAN, S. AND MAYERS, M.
CHAPTER 1: ANTHROPOLOGY AND MISSIONS
· Absolutely biblical and cultural relativism: in reality the Bible is the absolute authority for all cultures, but this should apply to specific cultural forms that are relative.
· Sciences behavior and the Bible: the data generated in these sciences do not contradict the Bible but the interpretations that people have given non-Christian.
• The cultural anthropology is a tool and not replace the Holy Spirit.
· The behavioral sciences are interested in finding the underlying order in human behavior. And this order behavior is given and sustained by God.
• The cultural anthropology to the missionary helps understand another culture, you can enter it, can easily communicate the gospel and the process of establishing the church not be disturbed.
· Mission is the biblical mandate to evangelize. Missions is the church in a culture that sends workers to another culture to evangelize and disciple.
• The human behavior takes various forms in different cultures, so one must understand the culture.
• The culture shock goes through three stages: 1. Stage or tourist fascination, 2. Stage of rejection and 3. Recovery phase. Ethnocentrism
· another culture is to interpret the rules or criteria of the culture.
· Cultural relativism is to interpret another culture with their own criteria.
• The cultural relativism allows for the contextualization of the gospel to every culture it goes.
CHAPTER 2: HUMANITY, CULTURE AND SOCIETY
· Anthropology is a science that studies the behavior man and every one of its aspects, through time and cultures. Their study is comparative and intercultural.
· Theory evolution (Charles Darwin): living things change from generation to generation, producing offspring with new features. This process lasted for a long time and has produced all existing and extinct species. All living things are interrelated and have a common origin.
· Theory biblical account of creation: God exists and is the creator and sustainer and ultimate end of all things. The story of Genesis is a historical fact. Sin and redemption are essential to the Christian faith.
· Theistic evolutionary theories: God is the source of life and began the process of evolution and allowed to continue. God created man in a special way and is the culmination of the evolutionary process.
· Theory of functional development: Establishment of the natural system: the relationship between man and the universe, earth, etc. Establishment of social relationships among men. Establishment of spiritual relationship with God.
· Culture are compelled capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
· cultural traits are individual acts. Are cultural
· Complex groups of related traits.
· Subculture is a group of behavior patterns related to the general culture, yet distinct from it.
· Counterculture is conduct of a person or group that is contrary to the general culture.
· Society is a social organization composed of a group of people who share a geographical region and culture.
· vital sequence learning: a BOOST (biological / psychological) causes an act (cultural) which gives a SATISFACTION (biological / psychological).
· When the same needs, different cultures meet in different ways. • The first need
is metabolism (oxygen, liquid and food).
• The second need is for reproduction.
• The third need is for physical comfort (housing for protecting the body and clothing as a symbol of social status).
• The fourth need is security.
• The fifth need is movement (instrumental).
• The sixth requirement is for growth.
• The seventh need is health care (prevention, treatment and hygiene).
CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FIELDS AND
• The cultural anthropology studies culture as a whole look at the interrelationships between cultures and all.
• The ethnography studies the parts of the whole and is more descriptive.
• The cognitive anthropology studies the cognitive organization of natural phenomena.
• The ethnoscience applies the principles of linguistics and culture.
• The etnoteología presents the gospel in cultural patterns relevant to the receiving culture.
• An intercultural approach encourages communication between two cultures on an equal footing. Is the cry of Paul: "All I've done everything."
• All ministries include cultural practices, all are ethnic.
· Classical evolution (Darwin): Natural selection, through heritable variation was changing life forms by adaptive changes, and through the evolution of variability was radiated. Human beings are a product of biological evolution, there is also a cultural evolution.
CHAPTER 4: Enculturation and acculturation
• The behavior can be reflexive, instinctive or learned.
• The enculturation or socialization is the acquisition of knowledge of a culture that allows it to be functional members of society. The result is identity within the group. This achieved through education can be formal or informal.
• The habituation is culture as habits.
• The life cycle of four periods: birth, puberty or adulthood, marriage and reproduction and death. For the transition from one period to another there are the rituals of transition.
• The creativity is fueled by the economic, efficient means of communication, social reward the creative act, privacy, professional, artistic and an educational system that encourages.
· Acculturation, preserving the values \u200b\u200bof their own culture is to learn appropriate behavior in a new culture. Leads a dual identity.
· Tension cultural awareness that one can never be integrated into the new culture.
· Assimilation is complete the acquisition by the lifestyle of the new culture.
· Functional equivalence: a form in two different cultures have different expressions but symbolically represent the same.
CHAPTER 5: VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
· Phonology is the study of language sounds. Phonemes are sounds.
· Grammar is the structure of language. Morphology is the organization of basic sounds or phonemes into meaningful units (morphemes). Syntax is the way a language combines words to make a sentence.
• The language is a symbolic attitude represents reality.
• The role of language is communication, provides an essential means of communication that allows members of a social group to establish and perpetuate cultural institutions that meet the biological and psychological needs of the group.
• The language learning is possible through the brain biological substrate.
• A dialect is a variation of a language can be a variation in pronunciation or vocabulary.
• The language as a cultural product is a learned behavior and the ability learning is innate.
• The identity of a person within the sociocultural context is defined by the language used, the use of speech or silence and use of nonverbal cues.
• The non-verbal communication is when you send a message without the use of language, may be conscious or unconscious. For example, communication kinetics (body / muscle) or communication proxemics (space / time).
· Dynamic equivalence is a translation of a passage so that the same effect occurred in heart and mind of the reader in the original language, or equivalent, occurs in the heart and mind of the reader in the second language.
CHAPTER 6: BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY
· The economic systems are the ways in which people organize, time and materials to produce, distribute and distributing and consuming products and services.
· Systems technology make man produce objective changes in physical and biological environment.
· The subsistence technology are: 1. Hunting and gathering, 2. Animal husbandry, 3. Horticulture, 4. Agriculture and 5. Industrialization.
• The money, the alphabet and mechanical technology led industrialization.
• Computer is the sum of all social customs by which people use entities and substances of all kinds. Can adapt to the environment is not human, is the manipulation of the environment for cultural purposes.
• There are four characteristics that allowed the development of technology: bipedal movement, the opposable thumbs, stereoscopic vision and language.
• An artifact is any portion of the material environment used or modified for use.
· the tools are mechanisms to transform, transmit or store energy. Its technological features are: container, media coach, converters.
• The technique is a series of ordinations and plans used to achieve an end.
Ability is the capacity developed to implement an effective and easily.
CHAPTER 7: FUNCTIONS, SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND STRATIFICATION
social
· Condition is a position or place in a social system and their rights and duties. Can be achieved or ascribed.
• The role of social status is the behavior, attitudes and values \u200b\u200bassociated with it. Makes conduct foreseeable.
• The racism is the assumption of racial superiority of one person, and the arrogance and behavior patterns that accompany such a presumption.
· In view of the conflict function used rationalization, partitioning and award. You can also change any social or you can change the behavior of the function of social status.
CHAPTER 8: MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
• The family plays the role of maintaining and preserving between man and woman standing and legitimate sex partners, sex fulfilling the role of perpetuating the species and provides psychological satisfaction to the couple. The family also provides protection to the newborn while acquiring all cultural behaviors and physical maturation. The family gives the individual an ascribed status.
· Marriage is a social institution, ie a pattern of norms and customs that define and control the relationship between a man and a woman, and relations between them and the rest of society. Sociological
· Rules to get couples are inbreeding and outbreeding.
· Taboo are religiously inspired prohibitions against any form of behavior.
· Incest is intercourse or marriage with a close relative. The incest taboo has been explained by a possible deterioration in reproductive genetic inbreeding, but that is relative. This taboo is also explained by the functional which is to force young people to fend for themselves to have a wider support network, or to avoid sibling rivalry.
· levirate marriage, if a husband dies without leaving children with a woman, she marries the brother.
· Marriage sisterhood: a levirate marriage but women.
• There are two types of family systems: monogamy and polygamy.
• The Polygyny is the marriage of a man with several women. • The sisterhood
polygyny is the marriage between a man and a woman and her brother.
• The polyandry is the marriage of a woman with several men, usually is fraternal.
• The serial polygamy is marriage with multiple partners but each time.
• Also there is a group marriage.
• The family may be nuclear or extended (vertical or horizontal).
• Also can be neolocal, matrilocal, patrilocal or avunculocal.
God • The system allows for cultural variation within biblical guidelines.
Chapter 9: RELATIONSHIP
· Relationship is the network of personal relationships, biological and social.
• There are ties of affinity, consanguinity and conventional.
CHAPTER 10: GROUPS AND COMMUNITIES
• Why people live in groups?: 1. For the long period of maturation physical and social, 2. Psychological need for companionship and 3. Relative physical weakness.
· Properties of the group: 1. Composed of two or more persons, 2. There is communication between people, 3. There are symbolic objects, 4. Each person has some relationship with other people or objects and 5. There is awareness of unity.
• The condition of a group referred to as a small group is that each member must remind each other.
· Groups can be mutually exclusive or overlapping, and these can be inclusive and not inclusive. It may also be primary or secondary.
· Relationships among people: 1. Satisfaction of needs, 2. Trust, 3. Discovery, 4. Acceptance and 5. Apprentice.
CHAPTER 11: SOCIAL CONTROL AND GOVERNMENT
• The government could be defined as structures and mechanisms that a society has for the maintenance of social control and collective decision making.
· The deviant behaviors are those that violate traditions, laws and customs, are defined by culture.
° Misuse: 1. Destructive: not all deviant behavior is equally destructive, undermining morale, undermines confidence. 2. Positive contribution: to cut the processing, acts as a safety valve, clarify rules, joins the group against the deviant, joins the side of the deviant group, provides a contrast, is a warning sign.
CHAPTER 12: RELIGION
· Religion is beliefs and practices of a society. These are the doctrines and rituals of religion.
· The codified beliefs make up the doctrines.
• The myth is about the supernatural and are interested in the origins of man and the material universe.
· The rites of passage marking the transition of a person to a stage in the life cycle to the next.
· The rites to strengthen the community meeting, emphasize solidarity and reinforce the commitment to the group's beliefs.
· Functions of Religion: 1. Psychological, provides support, encouragement and reconciliation, 2. Transcendental provides security and address 3. Sacred, legitimate norms and values \u200b\u200b4. Prophetic criticism norms and values, 5. Identification, tells us who we are and 6. Maturation, marks the passage of the individual through life.
• Encourage, from the Latin anima, breath or soul. In illiterate societies is believed that people, plants and animals have body and soul and that this continues to exist after the disappearance of the body. They also believe in the Mana, or supernatural forces that can be good or bad.
· Totem: This refers to the spiritual unity between an animal or a plant and a social group.
• The taboo has three functions: keeping the faithful in line, set lines of separation to identify the group and enhance group solidarity and maintain social control.
• The religion is submissive to the supernatural, the magic seeks to control and manipulate the supernatural.
• Three steps to effectively introduce Christianity to other cultures: Study
religion or culture. Understanding the cultural functions of religion in that society.
or understand the cultural features of Christianity within their own culture.
or recast Christianity in cultural forms to meet the needs of the culture. The end product of a missionary strategy is the foundation of a dynamic church with believers mature to reproduce.
Chapter 13: Anthropological Research
• The anthropological research through participant observation.
• The missionary can use three research techniques: 1. Review published literature on culture to minister, to take into account the gap, 2. Interviews and 3. Participant observation.
CHAPTER 14: BIBLICAL AUTHORITY AND CULTURAL RELATIVITY
· According to the ethnocentrism and cultural relativity of morality are those which are well adapted to the situation. Bad habits are not well adapted.
° relating cultural relativity is not synonymous with ethical or moral.
• God created mankind with biological needs, psychological, social and spiritual. Culture is man's response to meet these needs and although cultures vary, humanity is one and is accountable to God.
· Relativism on: the Bible clearly recognized that cultural differences have different rules and that these differences are recognized by God as having values different. (1 Cor. 9:20-21).
• Persons are accountable to God according to the degree of disclosure that they have received.
• The Bible as the Word of God rises above the two cultures, ie, their teachings are supracultural. Therefore, it becomes the basis for evaluating the actions of each culture, and provides a basis for resolving conflicts.
• Each culture defines the situation (cultural relativity) but was based on biblical principles (biblical authority) that evaluated the situation.
CHAPTER 15: ANTHROPOLOGY AND THEOLOGY
• God uses human social relations for revealed to us, therefore, to study mankind learn more about God.
• The considered functional creations of God's creation and functional each part serves a purpose, creating an integrated whole.
• The cultural anthropology is a tool for the hermeneutical task of the Bible.
• The intercultural perspective allows some context to biblical truths, to understand the biblical cultures.
• the concept of functionalism can scan the system or parts of a system from a functionalist approach, as in the functional theory of creationism.
• The Anthropology sheds light about the origin of man as different from animals.
• The anthropology allows us to see the strong possibility of industrial and urban revolutions.
• The anthropology allows us to be cultural relativists while remaining as a biblical absolutist.
• The anthropology provides valuable insights for developing an evangelical theology that is truly intercultural. As the church is a theology intercultural intercultural need for the whole church.
• There are data to distinguish between the holy Bible and the theories and personal interpretations.
• There are to be distinguished by developing an intercultural theology, between the meanings that are sacred, absolute and authoritative biblical and cultural forms in which they rest, they are relative.
"CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, A Christian Perspective"
OF GRUNLAN, S. AND MAYERS, M.
CHAPTER 1: ANTHROPOLOGY AND MISSIONS
· Absolutely biblical and cultural relativism: in reality the Bible is the absolute authority for all cultures, but this should apply to specific cultural forms that are relative.
· Sciences behavior and the Bible: the data generated in these sciences do not contradict the Bible but the interpretations that people have given non-Christian.
• The cultural anthropology is a tool and not replace the Holy Spirit.
· The behavioral sciences are interested in finding the underlying order in human behavior. And this order behavior is given and sustained by God.
• The cultural anthropology to the missionary helps understand another culture, you can enter it, can easily communicate the gospel and the process of establishing the church not be disturbed.
· Mission is the biblical mandate to evangelize. Missions is the church in a culture that sends workers to another culture to evangelize and disciple.
• The human behavior takes various forms in different cultures, so one must understand the culture.
• The culture shock goes through three stages: 1. Stage or tourist fascination, 2. Stage of rejection and 3. Recovery phase. Ethnocentrism
· another culture is to interpret the rules or criteria of the culture.
· Cultural relativism is to interpret another culture with their own criteria.
• The cultural relativism allows for the contextualization of the gospel to every culture it goes.
CHAPTER 2: HUMANITY, CULTURE AND SOCIETY
· Anthropology is a science that studies the behavior man and every one of its aspects, through time and cultures. Their study is comparative and intercultural.
· Theory evolution (Charles Darwin): living things change from generation to generation, producing offspring with new features. This process lasted for a long time and has produced all existing and extinct species. All living things are interrelated and have a common origin.
· Theory biblical account of creation: God exists and is the creator and sustainer and ultimate end of all things. The story of Genesis is a historical fact. Sin and redemption are essential to the Christian faith.
· Theistic evolutionary theories: God is the source of life and began the process of evolution and allowed to continue. God created man in a special way and is the culmination of the evolutionary process.
· Theory of functional development: Establishment of the natural system: the relationship between man and the universe, earth, etc. Establishment of social relationships among men. Establishment of spiritual relationship with God.
· Culture are compelled capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
· cultural traits are individual acts. Are cultural
· Complex groups of related traits.
· Subculture is a group of behavior patterns related to the general culture, yet distinct from it.
· Counterculture is conduct of a person or group that is contrary to the general culture.
· Society is a social organization composed of a group of people who share a geographical region and culture.
· vital sequence learning: a BOOST (biological / psychological) causes an act (cultural) which gives a SATISFACTION (biological / psychological).
· When the same needs, different cultures meet in different ways. • The first need
is metabolism (oxygen, liquid and food).
• The second need is for reproduction.
• The third need is for physical comfort (housing for protecting the body and clothing as a symbol of social status).
• The fourth need is security.
• The fifth need is movement (instrumental).
• The sixth requirement is for growth.
• The seventh need is health care (prevention, treatment and hygiene).
CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FIELDS AND
• The cultural anthropology studies culture as a whole look at the interrelationships between cultures and all.
• The ethnography studies the parts of the whole and is more descriptive.
• The cognitive anthropology studies the cognitive organization of natural phenomena.
• The ethnoscience applies the principles of linguistics and culture.
• The etnoteología presents the gospel in cultural patterns relevant to the receiving culture.
• An intercultural approach encourages communication between two cultures on an equal footing. Is the cry of Paul: "All I've done everything."
• All ministries include cultural practices, all are ethnic.
· Classical evolution (Darwin): Natural selection, through heritable variation was changing life forms by adaptive changes, and through the evolution of variability was radiated. Human beings are a product of biological evolution, there is also a cultural evolution.
CHAPTER 4: Enculturation and acculturation
• The behavior can be reflexive, instinctive or learned.
• The enculturation or socialization is the acquisition of knowledge of a culture that allows it to be functional members of society. The result is identity within the group. This achieved through education can be formal or informal.
• The habituation is culture as habits.
• The life cycle of four periods: birth, puberty or adulthood, marriage and reproduction and death. For the transition from one period to another there are the rituals of transition.
• The creativity is fueled by the economic, efficient means of communication, social reward the creative act, privacy, professional, artistic and an educational system that encourages.
· Acculturation, preserving the values \u200b\u200bof their own culture is to learn appropriate behavior in a new culture. Leads a dual identity.
· Tension cultural awareness that one can never be integrated into the new culture.
· Assimilation is complete the acquisition by the lifestyle of the new culture.
· Functional equivalence: a form in two different cultures have different expressions but symbolically represent the same.
CHAPTER 5: VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
· Phonology is the study of language sounds. Phonemes are sounds.
· Grammar is the structure of language. Morphology is the organization of basic sounds or phonemes into meaningful units (morphemes). Syntax is the way a language combines words to make a sentence.
• The language is a symbolic attitude represents reality.
• The role of language is communication, provides an essential means of communication that allows members of a social group to establish and perpetuate cultural institutions that meet the biological and psychological needs of the group.
• The language learning is possible through the brain biological substrate.
• A dialect is a variation of a language can be a variation in pronunciation or vocabulary.
• The language as a cultural product is a learned behavior and the ability learning is innate.
• The identity of a person within the sociocultural context is defined by the language used, the use of speech or silence and use of nonverbal cues.
• The non-verbal communication is when you send a message without the use of language, may be conscious or unconscious. For example, communication kinetics (body / muscle) or communication proxemics (space / time).
· Dynamic equivalence is a translation of a passage so that the same effect occurred in heart and mind of the reader in the original language, or equivalent, occurs in the heart and mind of the reader in the second language.
CHAPTER 6: BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY
· The economic systems are the ways in which people organize, time and materials to produce, distribute and distributing and consuming products and services.
· Systems technology make man produce objective changes in physical and biological environment.
· The subsistence technology are: 1. Hunting and gathering, 2. Animal husbandry, 3. Horticulture, 4. Agriculture and 5. Industrialization.
• The money, the alphabet and mechanical technology led industrialization.
• Computer is the sum of all social customs by which people use entities and substances of all kinds. Can adapt to the environment is not human, is the manipulation of the environment for cultural purposes.
• There are four characteristics that allowed the development of technology: bipedal movement, the opposable thumbs, stereoscopic vision and language.
• An artifact is any portion of the material environment used or modified for use.
· the tools are mechanisms to transform, transmit or store energy. Its technological features are: container, media coach, converters.
• The technique is a series of ordinations and plans used to achieve an end.
Ability is the capacity developed to implement an effective and easily.
CHAPTER 7: FUNCTIONS, SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND STRATIFICATION
social
· Condition is a position or place in a social system and their rights and duties. Can be achieved or ascribed.
• The role of social status is the behavior, attitudes and values \u200b\u200bassociated with it. Makes conduct foreseeable.
• The racism is the assumption of racial superiority of one person, and the arrogance and behavior patterns that accompany such a presumption.
· In view of the conflict function used rationalization, partitioning and award. You can also change any social or you can change the behavior of the function of social status.
CHAPTER 8: MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
• The family plays the role of maintaining and preserving between man and woman standing and legitimate sex partners, sex fulfilling the role of perpetuating the species and provides psychological satisfaction to the couple. The family also provides protection to the newborn while acquiring all cultural behaviors and physical maturation. The family gives the individual an ascribed status.
· Marriage is a social institution, ie a pattern of norms and customs that define and control the relationship between a man and a woman, and relations between them and the rest of society. Sociological
· Rules to get couples are inbreeding and outbreeding.
· Taboo are religiously inspired prohibitions against any form of behavior.
· Incest is intercourse or marriage with a close relative. The incest taboo has been explained by a possible deterioration in reproductive genetic inbreeding, but that is relative. This taboo is also explained by the functional which is to force young people to fend for themselves to have a wider support network, or to avoid sibling rivalry.
· levirate marriage, if a husband dies without leaving children with a woman, she marries the brother.
· Marriage sisterhood: a levirate marriage but women.
• There are two types of family systems: monogamy and polygamy.
• The Polygyny is the marriage of a man with several women. • The sisterhood
polygyny is the marriage between a man and a woman and her brother.
• The polyandry is the marriage of a woman with several men, usually is fraternal.
• The serial polygamy is marriage with multiple partners but each time.
• Also there is a group marriage.
• The family may be nuclear or extended (vertical or horizontal).
• Also can be neolocal, matrilocal, patrilocal or avunculocal.
God • The system allows for cultural variation within biblical guidelines.
Chapter 9: RELATIONSHIP
· Relationship is the network of personal relationships, biological and social.
• There are ties of affinity, consanguinity and conventional.
CHAPTER 10: GROUPS AND COMMUNITIES
• Why people live in groups?: 1. For the long period of maturation physical and social, 2. Psychological need for companionship and 3. Relative physical weakness.
· Properties of the group: 1. Composed of two or more persons, 2. There is communication between people, 3. There are symbolic objects, 4. Each person has some relationship with other people or objects and 5. There is awareness of unity.
• The condition of a group referred to as a small group is that each member must remind each other.
· Groups can be mutually exclusive or overlapping, and these can be inclusive and not inclusive. It may also be primary or secondary.
· Relationships among people: 1. Satisfaction of needs, 2. Trust, 3. Discovery, 4. Acceptance and 5. Apprentice.
CHAPTER 11: SOCIAL CONTROL AND GOVERNMENT
• The government could be defined as structures and mechanisms that a society has for the maintenance of social control and collective decision making.
· The deviant behaviors are those that violate traditions, laws and customs, are defined by culture.
° Misuse: 1. Destructive: not all deviant behavior is equally destructive, undermining morale, undermines confidence. 2. Positive contribution: to cut the processing, acts as a safety valve, clarify rules, joins the group against the deviant, joins the side of the deviant group, provides a contrast, is a warning sign.
CHAPTER 12: RELIGION
· Religion is beliefs and practices of a society. These are the doctrines and rituals of religion.
· The codified beliefs make up the doctrines.
• The myth is about the supernatural and are interested in the origins of man and the material universe.
· The rites of passage marking the transition of a person to a stage in the life cycle to the next.
· The rites to strengthen the community meeting, emphasize solidarity and reinforce the commitment to the group's beliefs.
· Functions of Religion: 1. Psychological, provides support, encouragement and reconciliation, 2. Transcendental provides security and address 3. Sacred, legitimate norms and values \u200b\u200b4. Prophetic criticism norms and values, 5. Identification, tells us who we are and 6. Maturation, marks the passage of the individual through life.
• Encourage, from the Latin anima, breath or soul. In illiterate societies is believed that people, plants and animals have body and soul and that this continues to exist after the disappearance of the body. They also believe in the Mana, or supernatural forces that can be good or bad.
· Totem: This refers to the spiritual unity between an animal or a plant and a social group.
• The taboo has three functions: keeping the faithful in line, set lines of separation to identify the group and enhance group solidarity and maintain social control.
• The religion is submissive to the supernatural, the magic seeks to control and manipulate the supernatural.
• Three steps to effectively introduce Christianity to other cultures: Study
religion or culture. Understanding the cultural functions of religion in that society.
or understand the cultural features of Christianity within their own culture.
or recast Christianity in cultural forms to meet the needs of the culture. The end product of a missionary strategy is the foundation of a dynamic church with believers mature to reproduce.
Chapter 13: Anthropological Research
• The anthropological research through participant observation.
• The missionary can use three research techniques: 1. Review published literature on culture to minister, to take into account the gap, 2. Interviews and 3. Participant observation.
CHAPTER 14: BIBLICAL AUTHORITY AND CULTURAL RELATIVITY
· According to the ethnocentrism and cultural relativity of morality are those which are well adapted to the situation. Bad habits are not well adapted.
° relating cultural relativity is not synonymous with ethical or moral.
• God created mankind with biological needs, psychological, social and spiritual. Culture is man's response to meet these needs and although cultures vary, humanity is one and is accountable to God.
· Relativism on: the Bible clearly recognized that cultural differences have different rules and that these differences are recognized by God as having values different. (1 Cor. 9:20-21).
• Persons are accountable to God according to the degree of disclosure that they have received.
• The Bible as the Word of God rises above the two cultures, ie, their teachings are supracultural. Therefore, it becomes the basis for evaluating the actions of each culture, and provides a basis for resolving conflicts.
• Each culture defines the situation (cultural relativity) but was based on biblical principles (biblical authority) that evaluated the situation.
CHAPTER 15: ANTHROPOLOGY AND THEOLOGY
• God uses human social relations for revealed to us, therefore, to study mankind learn more about God.
• The considered functional creations of God's creation and functional each part serves a purpose, creating an integrated whole.
• The cultural anthropology is a tool for the hermeneutical task of the Bible.
• The intercultural perspective allows some context to biblical truths, to understand the biblical cultures.
• the concept of functionalism can scan the system or parts of a system from a functionalist approach, as in the functional theory of creationism.
• The Anthropology sheds light about the origin of man as different from animals.
• The anthropology allows us to see the strong possibility of industrial and urban revolutions.
• The anthropology allows us to be cultural relativists while remaining as a biblical absolutist.
• The anthropology provides valuable insights for developing an evangelical theology that is truly intercultural. As the church is a theology intercultural intercultural need for the whole church.
• There are data to distinguish between the holy Bible and the theories and personal interpretations.
• There are to be distinguished by developing an intercultural theology, between the meanings that are sacred, absolute and authoritative biblical and cultural forms in which they rest, they are relative.
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